{"id":216,"date":"2021-04-07T07:22:09","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T07:22:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/books\/thinking-fast-and-slow-summary\/"},"modified":"2023-10-04T12:41:01","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T12:41:01","slug":"thinking-fast-and-slow-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/thinking-fast-and-slow-summary\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00d6zeti | Daniel Kahneman"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-post-featured-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman.png\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00d6zet PDF B\u00f6l\u00fcm B\u00f6l\u00fcm Daniel Kahneman\" style=\"object-fit:cover;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman-1024x536.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-Summary-PDF-Chapter-by-Chapter-Daniel-Kahneman-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin 1 C\u00fcmle \u00d6zeti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sisteminden bahsetmektedir: Sistem 1 ve Sistem 2. Sistem 1 h\u0131zl\u0131, otomatik ve sezgisel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, Sistem 2 yava\u015f, kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hayat \u00e7ok yo\u011fun. Var <a data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek<\/a> Daniel Kahneman'\u0131n bu kitab\u0131 kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda tozlanmaya m\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131? Bunun yerine, temel fikirleri \u015fimdi al\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zetinde y\u00fczeyi \u00e7iziyoruz. Kitaba hen\u00fcz sahip de\u011filseniz, sipari\u015f edin <a data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/thinking-fast-book\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Burada<\/a> ya da sesli kitab\u0131n\u0131 edinin <a href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">i\u00e7in<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> <\/a><a data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00fccretsiz<\/a> \u00f6\u011frenmek i\u00e7in Amazon'a t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"daniel-kahneman-s-perspective\">Daniel Kahneman Hakk\u0131nda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap wp-block-paragraph\"><a data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/daniel-kahneman-bio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Daniel Kahneman<\/a> Princeton Kamu ve Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler Okulu'nda Psikoloji ve Kamu \u0130\u015fleri Emeritus Profes\u00f6r\u00fc, Princeton \u00dcniversitesi'nde Eugene Higgins Psikoloji Emeritus Profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve Kud\u00fcs'teki \u0130brani \u00dcniversitesi'nde Rasyonalite Merkezi \u00fcyesidir. Dr. Kahneman, Ulusal Bilim Akademisi, Felsefe Derne\u011fi ve Amerikan Sanat ve Bilim Akademisi \u00fcyesidir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Amerikan Psikoloji Derne\u011fi, Amerikan Psikoloji Toplulu\u011fu, Deneysel Psikologlar Toplulu\u011fu ve Ekonometri Toplulu\u011fu \u00fcyesidir. The Economist 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kahneman'\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en etkili yedinci ekonomisti olarak listelemi\u015ftir. Kahneman ayr\u0131ca 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ekonomi Bilimleri alan\u0131nda Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc'ne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin Sesli Kitap \u00d6zetini Dinleyin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<iframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https:\/\/playlist.megaphone.fm?e=PARSIDA3901543990&amp;light=true\" width=\"100%\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"synopsis\">Sinopsis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\"><em>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme<\/em><\/a> beynimizin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en yayg\u0131n iki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Bir bilgisayar gibi, beynimiz de sistemlerden olu\u015fur. Sistem 1 h\u0131zl\u0131, sezgisel ve duygusald\u0131r. Daniel Kahneman bizi bu sisteme olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan uzakla\u015fmaya te\u015fvik ediyor. Sistem 1, hatalar\u0131n ve durgunlu\u011fun en yayg\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, sistem 2 daha yava\u015f, daha kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcrecidir. Kahneman bu sisteme daha s\u0131k ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. Bu tavsiyenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kahneman, kararlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 nas\u0131l ve neden verdi\u011fimiz konusunda da yol g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"sLm1q6bo6aYtN0i42EEWfXGOhvm8P9MG3Nl3UkkjywF8cDCzwyoh4TZpQnRlgrSz77LHvQV\"><iframe title=\"H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek \u00d6zet &amp; \u0130nceleme | Daniel Kahneman | \u00dccretsiz Sesli Kitap\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Xt8KFsGQvxU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-1-system-1-is-innate\">StoryShot #1: Sistem 1 Do\u011fu\u015ftan Gelir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce s\u00fcre\u00e7lerimizle ili\u015fkili iki sistem vard\u0131r. Kahneman, her bir sistem i\u00e7in birincil i\u015flevleri ve her bir sistemle ili\u015fkili karar verme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ana hatlar\u0131yla belirtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem 1, do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen ve genellikle hayvanlar alemindeki benzer canl\u0131larla payla\u015f\u0131lan t\u00fcm yetenekleri i\u00e7erir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, her birimiz nesneleri tan\u0131ma, dikkatimizi \u00f6nemli uyaranlara y\u00f6neltme ve \u00f6l\u00fcm ya da hastal\u0131kla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u015feylerden korkma gibi do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen yeteneklerle do\u011far\u0131z. Sistem 1 ayn\u0131 zamanda daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha otomatik hale gelerek do\u011fu\u015ftan gelene yak\u0131n hale gelen zihinsel faaliyetlerle de ilgilenir. Bu faaliyetler genellikle uzun s\u00fcreli pratik nedeniyle sistem 1'e ge\u00e7er. Baz\u0131 bilgi par\u00e7alar\u0131 sizin i\u00e7in otomatik hale gelecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u0130ngiltere'nin ba\u015fkentinin ne oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeniz bile gerekmez. Zaman i\u00e7inde, \"\u0130ngiltere'nin ba\u015fkenti neresidir?\" sorusuyla otomatik bir ili\u015fki kurmu\u015fsunuzdur. Sistem 1 sezgisel bilginin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kitap okuma, bisiklete binme ve yayg\u0131n sosyal durumlarda nas\u0131l davran\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f becerilerle de ilgilenir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Genel olarak sistem 1'de yer alan ancak sistem 2'ye de girebilen baz\u0131 eylemler de vard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fma, s\u00f6z konusu eylemle me\u015fgul olmak i\u00e7in kas\u0131tl\u0131 bir \u00e7aba sarf ediyorsan\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7i\u011fnemek genellikle sistem 1'e girer. Bununla birlikte, yeme\u011finizi oldu\u011fundan daha fazla \u00e7i\u011fnemeniz gerekti\u011finin fark\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 varsayal\u0131m. Bu durumda, \u00e7i\u011fneme davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7aba gerektiren sistem 2'ye kayacakt\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dikkat genellikle hem sistem 1 hem de sistem 2 ile ili\u015fkilendirilir. Birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sistem 1 y\u00fcksek bir sese kar\u015f\u0131 anl\u0131k istemsiz tepkinizi y\u00f6nlendirecektir. Daha sonra sistem 2 devreye girecek ve bu sese istemli olarak dikkat etmenizi ve sesin nedeni hakk\u0131nda mant\u0131ksal muhakeme yapman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem 1 deneyimlerinizi yorumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir filtredir. Sezgisel kararlar almak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z sistemdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, evrimsel olarak ilkel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fcphesiz en eski beyin sistemidir. Sistem 1 ayn\u0131 zamanda bilin\u00e7siz ve d\u00fcrt\u00fc g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sistem 1'in hayat\u0131n\u0131z \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnseniz de, se\u00e7imlerinizin ve yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu etkiler.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-2-system-2-can-control-parts-of-system-1\">StoryShot #2: Sistem 2, Sistem 1'in Par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 Kontrol Edebilir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem 2 bir dizi faaliyetten olu\u015fur. Ancak bu faaliyetlerin her biri dikkat gerektirir ve dikkat \u00e7ekildi\u011finde kesintiye u\u011frar. Dikkat olmadan bu faaliyetlerdeki performans\u0131n\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Sistem 2, sistem 1'in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, alg\u0131lama genellikle sistem 1'in bir eylemidir. Sistem 2 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kendinizi kalabal\u0131kta belirli bir ki\u015fiyi aramaya ayarlayabilirsiniz. Sistem 2 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bu haz\u0131rlama, sistem 1'in daha iyi performans g\u00f6stermesini sa\u011flar, yani kalabal\u0131kta belirli bir ki\u015fiyi bulma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z daha y\u00fcksektir. Bu, bir kelime aramas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlarken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u00fcrecin ayn\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem 2 faaliyetleri dikkat gerektirdi\u011finden, genellikle sistem 1 faaliyetlerinden daha fazla \u00e7aba gerektirir. Ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla sistem 2 faaliyetini y\u00fcr\u00fctmek de zordur. Ayn\u0131 anda tamamlanabilen tek g\u00f6revler, \u00e7aban\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fer; \u00f6rne\u011fin, araba kullan\u0131rken sohbet etmek gibi. Bununla birlikte, dar bir yolda bir kamyonu sollarken bir yandan da sohbet etmek ak\u0131ll\u0131ca de\u011fildir. Esasen, bir g\u00f6rev ne kadar \u00e7ok dikkat gerektiriyorsa, ayn\u0131 anda ba\u015fka bir sistem 2 g\u00f6revini tamamlamak o kadar az uygulanabilir olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sistem 2 daha gen\u00e7tir ve son birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Sistem 2, modernle\u015fmeye ve de\u011fi\u015fen \u00f6nceliklere uyum sa\u011flad\u0131k\u00e7a giderek daha \u00f6nemli hale gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci sistemin i\u015flemlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, birine telefon numaran\u0131z\u0131 vermek gibi bilin\u00e7li bir dikkat gerektirir. Sistem 2'nin i\u015flemleri genellikle \u00f6znel eylemlilik, se\u00e7im ve konsantrasyon deneyimleriyle ili\u015fkilendirilir. Kendimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, Sistem 2 ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015firiz. Bu, inan\u00e7lar\u0131 olan, se\u00e7imler yapan ve ne hakk\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp ne yapaca\u011f\u0131na karar veren bilin\u00e7li, muhakeme eden benliktir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-3-the-two-systems-support-each-other\">StoryShot #3: \u0130ki Sistem Birbirini Destekliyor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ki sistemin tan\u0131mlar\u0131na dayanarak, sistemlerin birbiri ard\u0131na olu\u015ftu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek kolay olabilir. Kahneman bu iki sistemin asl\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 destekleyici oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Yani, neredeyse t\u00fcm g\u00f6revler her iki sistemin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, duygular (sistem 1) mant\u0131ksal muhakemenin (sistem 2) benimsenmesinde \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Duygular karar verme s\u00fcrecimizi daha anlaml\u0131 ve etkili k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130ki sistemin birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek de spor yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zamanlard\u0131r. Sporun belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri otomatik eylemler olacakt\u0131r. Bir tenis oyununu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. Tenis, insanlarda do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen bir beceri olan ve sistem 1 taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen ko\u015fmay\u0131 kullanacakt\u0131r. Topa vurmak da pratik yaparak bir sistem 1 aktivitesi haline gelebilir. Bununla birlikte, her zaman sistem 2'nizi gerektirecek belirli vuru\u015flar veya taktiksel kararlar olacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, tenis gibi bir sporu oynarken her iki sistem de birbirini tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 niteliktedir.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nsanlar daha az \u00e7aba gerektirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in sistem 1'e a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcvendiklerinde sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Rutininiz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan faaliyetlerle ilgili ba\u015fka sorunlar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu durumda sistem 1 ve 2 birbiriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-4-heuristics-as-mental-shortcuts\">StoryShot #4: Zihinsel K\u0131sayollar Olarak Sezgisel Y\u00f6ntemler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kitab\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sezgisel y\u00f6ntem kavram\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131t\u0131yor. Sezgisel y\u00f6ntemler, karar verirken yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zihinsel k\u0131sayollard\u0131r. Her zaman sorunlar\u0131 en y\u00fcksek verimlilikle \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sezgisel y\u00f6ntemler g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131zda enerji tasarrufu i\u00e7in son derece faydal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sezgisel y\u00f6ntemlerimiz \u00f6nceki bilgilerimizi biraz farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullara otomatik olarak uygulamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Her ne kadar sezgisel y\u00f6ntemler olumlu olsa da, sezgisel y\u00f6ntemlerin \u00f6nyarg\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli bir etnik gruptan bir ki\u015fiyle olumsuz bir deneyiminiz olabilir. Yaln\u0131zca sezgilerinize g\u00fcvenirseniz, ayn\u0131 etnik gruptan di\u011fer insanlar\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 hale getirebilirsiniz. Sezgisel y\u00f6ntemler ayr\u0131ca bili\u015fsel \u00f6nyarg\u0131lara, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede sistemik hatalara, k\u00f6t\u00fc kararlara veya olaylar\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f yorumlanmas\u0131na neden olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-5-the-biases-we-create-in-our-own-minds\">StoryShot #5: Kendi Zihnimizde Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00d6nyarg\u0131lar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahneman, k\u00f6t\u00fc karar vermeye yol a\u00e7abilecek sekiz yayg\u0131n \u00f6nyarg\u0131 ve sezgiselli\u011fi tan\u0131t\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131lar kanunu<\/strong>: Bu yasa, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131lar\u0131n ya da \u00f6rneklerin i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 pop\u00fclasyona benzedi\u011fine dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 inanc\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130nsanlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6rneklemlerdeki de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fi hafife al\u0131rlar. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, insanlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015farabileceklerini abart\u0131rlar. Diyelim ki bir ila\u00e7 hastalar\u0131n 80%'sinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Be\u015f hasta tedavi edilirse ka\u00e7 hasta yan\u0131t verecektir? Ger\u00e7ekte, 5 ki\u015filik bir \u00f6rneklemde, tam olarak d\u00f6rt ki\u015finin yan\u0131t vermesi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca 41% \u015fans vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Demirleme<\/strong>: \u0130nsanlar se\u00e7im yaparken, \u00f6nceden var olan bilgilere veya kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ilk bilgilere daha fazla g\u00fcvenme e\u011filimindedirler. Bu, \u00e7\u0131palama \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 olarak bilinir. \u0130lk olarak $1,200 maliyetli bir ti\u015f\u00f6rt g\u00f6r\u00fcrseniz ve daha sonra $100 maliyetli ikinci bir ti\u015f\u00f6rt g\u00f6r\u00fcrseniz, ikinci ti\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc reddetme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z daha y\u00fcksektir. E\u011fer sadece $100 olan ikinci ti\u015f\u00f6rt\u00fc g\u00f6rseydiniz, onu ucuz olarak de\u011ferlendirmezdiniz. \u00c7apa - g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz ilk fiyat - karar\u0131n\u0131z \u00fczerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir etkiye sahipti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Haz\u0131rlama<\/strong>: Zihnimiz kelimeler ve \u00f6\u011feler aras\u0131nda \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar yaparak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle priming'e kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131y\u0131zd\u0131r. Ortak bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m herhangi bir \u015fey taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131labilir ve kararlar\u0131m\u0131zda bizi belirli bir y\u00f6ne y\u00f6nlendirebilir. Kahneman, priming'in d\u00fcrtmelerin ve olumlu imgeler kullanan reklamlar\u0131n temeli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin Nike, egzersiz ve ba\u015far\u0131 duygular\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. Yeni bir spora ba\u015flarken ya da formunu korumak isteyen t\u00fcketicilerin akl\u0131na Nike \u00fcr\u00fcnleri gelecektir. Nike profesyonel sporcular\u0131 desteklemekte ve sporcular\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve azimlerini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in \"Just Do It\" gibi sloganlar kullanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek: Stoklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla \u0130talyan \u015farab\u0131 bulunan bir restoran sahibi, arka planda \u0130talyan m\u00fczi\u011fi \u00e7alarak m\u00fc\u015fterilerini bu t\u00fcr bir \u015farab\u0131 sat\u0131n almaya te\u015fvik edebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Bili\u015fsel kolayl\u0131k<\/strong>: Sistem 2 i\u00e7in daha kolay olana inan\u0131lmas\u0131 daha olas\u0131d\u0131r. Kolayl\u0131k, fikrin tekrarlanmas\u0131ndan, a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmesinden, haz\u0131r bir fikirden ve hatta ki\u015finin kendi iyi ruh halinden kaynaklan\u0131r. Bir yalan\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131n\u0131n bile, kavram tan\u0131d\u0131k hale geldi\u011fi ve bili\u015fsel olarak i\u015flenmesi kolay oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, insanlar\u0131n do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmelerine ra\u011fmen onu kabul etmelerine yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi, etraf\u0131 yalan bir habere inanan ve bu haber hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fan insanlarla \u00e7evrili olan bir birey olabilir. Kan\u0131tlar bu fikrin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterse de, bu fikri i\u015flemenin kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k ona inanmay\u0131 \u00e7ok daha kolay hale getirir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sonu\u00e7lara atlamak<\/strong>: Kahneman, sistemimizin 1 sonu\u00e7lara atlayarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir makine oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu sonu\u00e7lar 'G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn her \u015fey var' d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, sistem 1 haz\u0131r ve bazen yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bilgilere dayanarak sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Bu sonu\u00e7lara vard\u0131ktan sonra da sonuna kadar inan\u0131r\u0131z. Halo etkilerinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen etkisi, teyit \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7er\u00e7eveleme etkileri ve temel oran ihmali, pratikte sonuca atlaman\u0131n y\u00f6nleridir.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Halo etkisi<\/em> Bir olumlu izlenime dayanarak bir ki\u015fiye\/\u015feye daha fazla olumlu \u00f6zellik atfetmenizdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir ki\u015finin g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekte oldu\u011fundan daha zeki oldu\u011funa inanmak.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Do\u011frulama \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131<\/em> Belirli bir inanca sahip oldu\u011funuzda ve bu inanc\u0131 destekleyen bilgileri arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu inanca meydan okuyan bilgileri de g\u00f6rmezden gelirsiniz. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir dedektif davan\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bir \u015f\u00fcpheliyi tespit edebilir ancak kan\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek yerine sadece do\u011frulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Filtre balonlar\u0131 ya da \"algoritmik d\u00fczenleme\" sosyal medyada teyit \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. Algoritmalar bunu, kullan\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131t perspektifleri g\u00f6stermek yerine yaln\u0131zca muhtemelen kat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bilgi ve payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00f6stererek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u00c7er\u00e7eveleme etkileri<\/em> bir ikilemin ba\u011flam\u0131n\u0131n insanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkileyebilece\u011fi ile ilgilidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, insanlar olumlu bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunuldu\u011funda riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nma, olumsuz bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunuldu\u011funda ise risk arama e\u011filimindedir. Bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, ge\u00e7 kay\u0131t cezas\u0131 uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, doktora \u00f6\u011frencilerinin 93%'si erken kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak erken kay\u0131t i\u00e7in bir indirim olarak sunuldu\u011funda bu oran 67%'ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sonunda, <em>baz oran ihmali veya baz oran yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131<\/em> temel bilgilerden ziyade bireyselle\u015ftirici bilgilere odaklanma e\u011filimimizle ilgilidir. Bireyselle\u015ftirici bilgi belirli bir ki\u015fi ya da olaya \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. Temel oran bilgileri ise nesnel, istatistiksel bilgilerdir. \u00d6zel bilgilere daha fazla de\u011fer atfetme e\u011filimindeyizdir ve genellikle temel oran bilgilerini tamamen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederiz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, genel olarak bir \u015feyin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade bireysel \u00f6zelliklere dayal\u0131 varsay\u0131mlarda bulunma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z daha y\u00fcksektir. Yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif paradoksu, temel oran yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Ger\u00e7ek pozitiflerden daha fazla say\u0131da yanl\u0131\u015f pozitifin oldu\u011fu durumlar vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1.000 ki\u015fiden 100'\u00fcnde bir enfeksiyon testi pozitif \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak sadece 20'sinde ger\u00e7ekten enfeksiyon vard\u0131r. Bu da 80 testin yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Pozitif sonu\u00e7 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, test do\u011frulu\u011funun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6rneklenen pop\u00fclasyonun \u00f6zellikleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Prevalans, yani belirli bir hastal\u0131\u011fa sahip olanlar\u0131n oran\u0131, testin yanl\u0131\u015f pozitiflik oran\u0131ndan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olabilir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda, yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif sonu\u00e7 verme ihtimali \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan testler bile <em>bireysel bir vakada<\/em> ger\u00e7ek pozitiflerden daha fazla yanl\u0131\u015f pozitif verecektir <em>genel<\/em>. \u0130\u015fte ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek: Kimya se\u00e7meli dersinizdeki bir ki\u015fi geleneksel bir t\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencisi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse ve davransa bile, t\u0131p okuyor olma ihtimali zay\u0131ft\u0131r. Bunun nedeni, \u0130\u015fletme veya M\u00fchendislik gibi di\u011fer fak\u00fcltelere kay\u0131tl\u0131 binlerce \u00f6\u011frenciye k\u0131yasla t\u0131p programlar\u0131n\u0131n genellikle sadece 100 kadar \u00f6\u011frenciye sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Belirli bilgilere dayanarak insanlar hakk\u0131nda ani yarg\u0131lara varmak kolay olsa da, bunun temel istatistiki bilgileri tamamen silmesine izin vermemeliyiz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kullan\u0131labilirlik<\/strong>: Bulunabilirlik \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, yarg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 olu\u015ftururken g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan bir olay\u0131, yak\u0131n zamanda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir deneyimi veya bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle canl\u0131 olan bir \u015feyi dikkate ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Sistem 1 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilen insanlar, di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re Kullan\u0131labilirlik \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131na daha yatk\u0131nd\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131ya \u00f6rnek olarak haberleri dinlerken ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u00e7ak kazas\u0131 oldu\u011funu duymak verilebilir. Bir sonraki hafta u\u00e7u\u015funuz varsa, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n da d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fine dair orant\u0131s\u0131z bir inanca sahip olabilirsiniz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bat\u0131k Maliyet Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131<\/strong>: Bu yan\u0131lg\u0131, daha iyi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar mevcut olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen insanlar kaybettikleri bir hesaba ek kaynak yat\u0131rmaya devam ettiklerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar bir hisse senedinin al\u0131\u015f fiyat\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman satabileceklerini belirlemesine izin verdiklerinde, bat\u0131k maliyet yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kurban\u0131 olurlar. Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kazanan hisse senetlerini \u00e7ok erken satarken kaybeden hisse senetlerini \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre ellerinde tutma e\u011filimleri iyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek de duygusal olarak zarar verici olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen uzun s\u00fcreli bir ili\u015fkide kalmakt\u0131r. Yeniden ba\u015flamaktan korkarlar \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu ge\u00e7mi\u015fte yapt\u0131klar\u0131 her \u015feyin bo\u015fa gitti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir, ancak bu korku genellikle b\u0131rakmaktan daha y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yan\u0131lg\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda insanlar\u0131n kumar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131n da nedenidir. Bu yan\u0131lg\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmek i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olabilecek bir \u015feye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmal\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-6-regression-to-the-mean\">StoryShot #6: Ortalamaya Gerileme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ortalamaya gerileme, herhangi bir deneme dizisinin eninde sonunda ortalamaya yak\u0131nsayaca\u011f\u0131 istatistiksel ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Buna ra\u011fmen, insanlar \u015fansl\u0131 ve \u015fanss\u0131z serileri gelecekteki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n bir i\u015fareti olarak tan\u0131mlama e\u011filimindedir; \u00f6rne\u011fin, arka arkaya be\u015f slot makinesi \u00e7eki\u015fini kaybettim, bu y\u00fczden kazanma hakk\u0131m var. Bu inan\u00e7, Kahneman'\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli zihinsel eksikliklerle ili\u015fkilidir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anlama yan\u0131lsamas\u0131: D\u00fcnyay\u0131 anlamland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in anlat\u0131lar in\u015fa ederiz. Nedenselli\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde nedensellik arar\u0131z.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ge\u00e7erlilik yan\u0131lsamas\u0131: Uzmanlar, hisse senedi se\u00e7icileri ve di\u011fer uzmanlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir uzmanl\u0131k duygusu geli\u015ftirir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uzman sezgisi: Disiplinle uygulanan algoritmalar genellikle uzmanlar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n sezgilerini geride b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Planlama yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131: Bu yan\u0131lg\u0131, insanlar \u015fansa dayal\u0131 bir deneyimin olumlu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 abartt\u0131klar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durum i\u00e7in plan yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0130yimserlik ve Giri\u015fimcilik Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131: \u00c7o\u011fu insan kendine a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcvenir, rakiplerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etme e\u011filimindedir ve ortalamadan daha iyi performans g\u00f6stereceklerine inan\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-7-hindsight-significantly-influences-decision-making\">StoryShot #7: Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe Bak\u0131\u015f Karar Vermeyi \u00d6nemli \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcde Etkiliyor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel Kahneman, \u00e7e\u015fitli unsurlar\u0131 kullanarak ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizi ne kadar az anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Kahneman, karar verme s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinde \u00f6zellikle olumsuz bir etkiye sahip olan bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131 olan ge\u00e7mi\u015fe bak\u0131\u015ftan bahsetmektedir. \u00d6zellikle, geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fc, kararlar\u0131n sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc s\u00fcrecin kendisinden sonucun do\u011fas\u0131na kayd\u0131r\u0131r. Kahneman, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde ihtiyatl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnen eylemlerin, geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcp bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sorumsuzca ihmalkar g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilece\u011fini belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130nsanlar\u0131n genel bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fen bilgi veya inan\u00e7lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde yeniden in\u015fa edemememizdir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi g\u00f6rme \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131, karar al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmeleri \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahiptir. G\u00f6zlemcilerin bir karar\u0131n kalitesini s\u00fcrecin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, sonucunun iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmesine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe bak\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi olarak hareket eden karar vericilere kar\u015f\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zd\u0131r: doktorlar, mali dan\u0131\u015fmanlar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc basamak ko\u00e7lar\u0131, CEO'lar, sosyal hizmet uzmanlar\u0131, diplomatlar ve politikac\u0131lar. K\u00f6t\u00fc sonu\u00e7lanan iyi kararlar i\u00e7in karar vericileri su\u00e7lamaya e\u011filimliyiz. Ayr\u0131ca, ancak sonu\u00e7lardan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 eylemler i\u00e7in onlara \u00e7ok az kredi veriyoruz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, insanlarda a\u00e7\u0131k bir sonu\u00e7 \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geriyi g\u00f6rme ve sonu\u00e7 \u00f6nyarg\u0131s\u0131 genellikle riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etse de, sorumsuz risk arayanlara hak etmedikleri \u00f6d\u00fcller de getirmektedir. Bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nca kumar oynayan ve \u015fans eseri kazanan giri\u015fimcilerdir. \u015eansl\u0131 liderler de \u00e7ok fazla risk ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in asla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmazlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-8-risk-aversion\">StoryShot #8: Riskten Ka\u00e7\u0131nma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahneman, insanlar\u0131n riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu, yani elimizden geldi\u011fince riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011fumuzu belirtiyor. \u00c7o\u011fu insan, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck sonucu alma potansiyeli nedeniyle riskten ho\u015flanmaz. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir kumar ile beklenen de\u011ferine e\u015fit bir miktar aras\u0131nda se\u00e7im yapmalar\u0131 istendi\u011finde, kesin olan\u0131 se\u00e7eceklerdir. Beklenen de\u011fer, olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n her birinin, her bir sonucun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00e7arp\u0131lmas\u0131 ve t\u00fcm bu de\u011ferlerin toplanmas\u0131yla hesaplan\u0131r. Riskten ka\u00e7\u0131nan bir karar al\u0131c\u0131, riskin beklenen de\u011ferinden daha az olan kesin bir \u015feyi se\u00e7ecektir. Asl\u0131nda, belirsizlikten ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in bir prim \u00f6demektedirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-9-loss-aversion\">StoryShot #9: Kay\u0131ptan Ka\u00e7\u0131nma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahneman ayr\u0131ca kay\u0131ptan ka\u00e7\u0131nma kavram\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya atar. Hayatta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir\u00e7ok se\u00e7enek potansiyel kay\u0131p ve kazanc\u0131n bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bir kay\u0131p riski ve bir kazan\u00e7 f\u0131rsat\u0131 vard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kumar\u0131 kabul etmeye ya da reddetmeye karar vermeliyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kay\u0131ptan ka\u00e7\u0131nma, iki g\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6receli g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ifade eder: kay\u0131plardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak, kazan\u00e7 elde etmekten daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcd\u00fcleniriz. Referans noktas\u0131 bazen mevcut durumdur, ancak gelecekteki bir hedef de olabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir hedefe ula\u015famamak bir kay\u0131pt\u0131r; hedefi a\u015fmak ise bir kazan\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu iki g\u00fcd\u00fc e\u015fit derecede g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fildir. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131ktan ka\u00e7\u0131nma, bir hedefe ula\u015fma motivasyonundan \u00e7ok daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu nedenle, insanlar genellikle ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00e7abalad\u0131klar\u0131 ancak mutlaka a\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekmeyen k\u0131sa vadeli hedefler benimserler. Yak\u0131n hedeflere ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmalar\u0131 muhtemeldir. Bu da sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bazen ekonomik mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihlal edebilece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kahneman ayr\u0131ca insanlar\u0131n servetten ziyade kazan\u00e7 ve kay\u0131plara de\u011fer atfettiklerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sonu\u00e7lara atad\u0131klar\u0131 karar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131klardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Korkun\u00e7 se\u00e7eneklerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan insanlar, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kay\u0131ptan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir umut kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fleri daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek umutsuz kumarlara girerler. Bu t\u00fcr risk alma, genellikle y\u00f6netilebilir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 felakete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Yenilgiyi kabul etmek \u00e7ok zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, sava\u015flarda kaybeden taraf genellikle zaferin di\u011fer taraf i\u00e7in garanti oldu\u011fu noktadan \u00e7ok sonra sava\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-10-do-not-trust-your-preferences-to-reflect-your-interests\">StoryShot #10: Tercihlerinizin \u0130lgi Alanlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 Yans\u0131taca\u011f\u0131na G\u00fcvenmeyin<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Daniel Kahneman kararlar konusunda, hepimizin kararlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131za en uygun oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fumuzu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer. Ancak durum genellikle b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Her zaman do\u011fru olmayan ya da do\u011fru yorumlanmayan an\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7o\u011fu zaman se\u00e7imlerimizi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan en iyi deneyimi \u00fcretmeyen kararlar, tercihin rasyonelli\u011fine inananlar i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc haberdir. Tercihlerimizin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131na tam olarak g\u00fcvenemeyiz. Bu g\u00fcven eksikli\u011fi, ki\u015fisel deneyimlere ve yak\u0131n zamandaki an\u0131lara dayansa bile ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"storyshot-11-memories-shape-our-decisions\">StoryShot #11: An\u0131lar Kararlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u015eekillendirir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hat\u0131ralar\u0131m\u0131z kararlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u015fekillendirir. Endi\u015fe verici bir \u015fekilde, an\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z yanl\u0131\u015f olabilir. Tutars\u0131zl\u0131k zihnimizin tasar\u0131m\u0131nda yerle\u015fiktir. Ac\u0131 ve haz deneyimlerimizin s\u00fcresi konusunda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tercihlerimiz vard\u0131r. Ac\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrmesini ve hazz\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 isteriz. Sistem 1'in bir i\u015flevi olan belle\u011fimiz, bir ac\u0131 ya da haz olay\u0131n\u0131n en yo\u011fun anlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil edecek \u015fekilde evrimle\u015fmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcreyi ihmal eden bir haf\u0131za, uzun zevkler ve k\u0131sa ac\u0131lar tercihimize hizmet etmeyecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tek bir mutluluk de\u011feri, bir an\u0131n veya bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn deneyimini kolayca temsil etmez. Olumlu ve olumsuz duygular ayn\u0131 anda var olsa da, ya\u015fam\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu an\u0131n\u0131 nihai olarak olumlu veya olumsuz olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir bireyin herhangi bir andaki ruh hali, mizac\u0131na ve genel mutlulu\u011funa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Yine de, duygusal refah da g\u00fcnl\u00fck ve haftal\u0131k olarak dalgalan\u0131r. O anki ruh hali \u00f6ncelikle mevcut duruma ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"final-summary-and-review-of-thinking-fast-and-slow\">H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00d6zet ve \u0130nceleme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme <\/em>t\u00fcm insan zihinlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u015feklini \u00f6zetliyor. Hepimizin birbirini destekleyen ve birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan iki sistemi vard\u0131r. Sorun, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve d\u00fcrt\u00fcsel sistemimize \u00e7ok fazla g\u00fcvendi\u011fimizde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar1. Bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcven, karar vermeyi olumsuz etkileyebilecek \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6nyarg\u0131lara yol a\u00e7ar. \u00d6nemli olan bu \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n nereden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve sistem 1'i kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in analitik sistem 2'yi kullanmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"rating\">De\u011ferlendirme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De\u011ferlendiriyoruz <em>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek<\/em> 4.4\/5. Bu \u00f6zete dayanarak Daniel Kahneman'\u0131n kitab\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirirsiniz? A\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya yorum yap\u0131n ve bize bildirin!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-yet-another-stars-rating-yasr-overall-rating\"><!--Yasr Overall Rating Shortcode--><div class='yasr-custom-text-before-overall' id='yasr-custom-text-before-overall'>Bizim Puan\u0131m\u0131z<\/div><div class=\"yasr-overall-rating\"><div class='yasr-rater-stars'\r\n                           id='yasr-overall-rating-rater-729ab3c6c94d5'\r\n                           data-rating='4.6'\r\n                           data-rater-starsize='24'>\r\n                       <\/div><\/div><!--End Yasr Overall Rating Shortcode--><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0130nfografik \u00d6zeti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thinking Fast and Slow'un infografik \u00f6zetinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 edinin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">StoryShots uygulamas\u0131nda.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/t2188684.p.clickup-attachments.com\/t2188684\/d401d40c-6b2b-4c71-a5b2-d6ebda239aa9\/Thinking%20Fast%20And%20Slow%20Summary%20Daniel%20Kahneman%20StoryShots%202.png?view=open\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pdf-free-audiobook-sketchnote-and-animated-summary-of-thinking-fast-and-slow\">H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00d6zet PDF, \u00dccretsiz Sesli Kitap ve Animasyonlu \u00d6zet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu buzda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnen k\u0131sm\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara dalmak ve yazar\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/thinking-fast-book\" target=\"_blank\">Kitap<\/a> ya da sesli kitab\u0131n\u0131 edinin <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-tool=\"Get on Amazon\" class=\"tooltip animate\" href=\"https:\/\/geni.us\/slow-free-audiobook\" target=\"_blank\">\u00fccretsiz<\/a> Amazon'da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Burada \u00f6\u011frendi\u011finiz dersleri be\u011fendiniz mi? \u00d6nemsedi\u011finizi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya yorum yap\u0131n veya payla\u015f\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">StoryShots'ta yeni misiniz? Thinking Fast and Slow'un ve di\u011fer y\u00fczlerce \u00e7ok satan kurgusal olmayan kitab\u0131n bu analiz ve \u00f6zetinin PDF, \u00fccretsiz sesli ve animasyonlu versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/go.getstoryshots.com\/free\" target=\"_blank\">\u00fccretsiz \u00fcst d\u00fczey uygulama.<\/a> Apple, The Guardian, The UN ve Google taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi okuma ve \u00f6\u011frenme uygulamalar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6sterildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"related-free-book-summaries\">\u0130lgili \u00dccretsiz Kitap \u00d6zetleri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/noise-summary\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"53097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">G\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc<\/a> Daniel Kahneman taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/think-again-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tekrar D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Adam Grant<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/nudge-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"59111\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D\u00fcrtme<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Richard Thaler<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/predictably-irrational-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tahmin Edilebilece\u011fi Gibi Mant\u0131ks\u0131z<\/a> Dan Ariely taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/flow-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ak\u0131\u015f<\/a> Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/daring-greatly-summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">B\u00fcy\u00fck Cesaret<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Bren\u00e9 Brown<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/when-summary\/\">Ne zaman<\/a> Daniel H. Pink taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/the-black-swan-summary\/\">Siyah Ku\u011fu<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Nassim Taleb<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/everything-is-fcked-summary\/\">Her \u015eey Boktan<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Mark Manson<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/six-thinking-hats-summary\/\">Alt\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u015eapkas\u0131<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Edward De Bono<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/how-not-to-be-wrong-summary\/\">Nas\u0131l Hatal\u0131 Olunmaz?<\/a>&nbsp;Jordan Ellenberg taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/talking-to-strangers-summary\/\">Yabanc\u0131larla Konu\u015fmak<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Malcolm Gladwell<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/tao-te-ching-summary\/\">Tao Te Ching<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Laozi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/moonwalking-with-einstein-summary\/\">Einstein ile Ay Y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Joshua Foer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/freakonomics-summary\/\">Freakonomics<\/a> Stephen Dubner ve Steven Levitt taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/tr\/books\/the-laws-of-human-nature-summary\/\">\u0130nsan Do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n Kanunlar\u0131<\/a> Robert Greene taraf\u0131ndan<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme \u00f6zet inceleme PDF Daniel Kahneman al\u0131nt\u0131lar b\u00f6l\u00fcmler\" class=\"wp-image-57280\" style=\"width:254px;height:254px\" width=\"254\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/www.getstoryshots.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Thinking-Fast-and-Slow-by-Daniel-Kahneman-book-summary-review-PDF-quotes-chapters-free-audiobook-infographic-criticism-main-points-storyshots.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmenin 1 C\u00fcmlelik \u00d6zeti H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme kitab\u0131nda Daniel Kahneman iki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme sistemini tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r: Sistem 1 ve Sistem 2. Sistem 1 h\u0131zl\u0131, otomatik ve sezgisel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken, Sistem 2 yava\u015f, kas\u0131tl\u0131 ve analitik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Hayat me\u015fguld\u00fcr. Daniel Kahneman'\u0131n H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Yava\u015f D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":91319,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"yasr_overall_rating":4.6,"yasr_post_is_review":"","yasr_auto_insert_disabled":"","yasr_review_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4504,4479,4498,2921,4483,4491],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-business","category-leadership","category-management-2","category-personal-growth","category-productivity","category-psychology"],"acf":[],"yasr_visitor_votes":{"stars_attributes":{"read_only":false,"span_bottom":false},"number_of_votes":0,"sum_votes":0},"taxonomy_info":{"category":[{"value":4504,"label":"Business &amp; 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