ملخص التأثير | كتاب روبرت سيالديني

الحياة مشغولة لديها التأثير كان يجمع الغبار على رف كتبك؟ بدلاً من ذلك، التقط الأفكار الرئيسية الآن.

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الملخص

التأثير is a psychology book examining the key ways people can be influenced by “Compliance Professionals”. The book’s findings are backed up by numerous empirical studies conducted in the fields of psychology, marketing, economics, anthropology, and social science. Influence concludes that you can also adopt the approaches adopted by compliance professionals. Specifically, you can utilize the lessons provided in Influence to persuade others.

About Robert Cialdini

Robert Cialdini is the Regents’ Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Marketing at Arizona State University. He was a visiting professor of marketing, business, and psychology at Stanford University and the University of California at Santa Cruz. The Robert B. Cialdini Prize from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology is named after him in honor of psychological research that demonstrates societal relevance using field methods. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in April 2019.

Because

“A well-known principle of human behavior says that when we ask someone to do us a favor we will be more successful if we provide a reason. People simply like to have reasons for what they do.”

- روبرت سيالديني

A well-known principle of human behavior is that you will be more successful in seeking favors if you provide a reason. Harvard social psychologist, Ellen Langer, demonstrated this phenomenon by asking a minor favor of people waiting in line to use a library copying machine. She altered her request across contexts. Firstly, she said, “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine because I’m in a rush?” In this instance, she was highly successful. 94% of people who were asked in this way allowed her to skip ahead of them. Comparatively, only 60% did so when she said, “Excuse me. I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine?”

The key difference between these statements was not the use of the word “rush”, though. Langer consolidated this finding when 93% of people let her skip when she said, “Excuse me, I have five pages. May I use the Xerox machine because I have to make some copies?” The key feature across the two successful contexts was using the word “because.”

Compliance Experts Who Utilize ‘Because’

There is a group of people who know very well where the weapons of automatic influence lie. Subsequently, they employ them regularly and expertly to get what they want. They go from social encounters to social encounters requesting others to comply with their wishes. Their frequency of success is remarkable. The secret of their effectiveness lies in the way they structure their requests and how they arm themselves with one or another of the weapons of influence that exist within the social environment. Their success may require no more than one correctly chosen word that engages a strong psychological principle and sets an automatic behavior in motion. 

The Contrast Principle

The contrast principle is well established in the field of Psychophysics and applies to multiple concepts besides weight. If we are talking to a beautiful woman at a cocktail party and are then joined by an unattractive one, the second woman will strike us as even less attractive than she actually is. When utilizing this principle to your benefit, you can benefit from the advantage of it being virtually undetectable. Those who employ it can cash in on its influence without any appearance of having structured the situation in their favor.

Application

Retail clothiers are an excellent example of how the contrast principle can be used to influence others. Suppose a man enters a men’s clothing store and says he wants to buy a three-piece suit and a sweater. If you were the salesperson, which would you show him first to make him likely to spend the most money? Clothing stores instruct their sales personnel to sell the costly item first. Common sense might suggest the reverse: If a man has recently spent a lot of money to purchase a suit, he may be reluctant to spend much more on the purchase of a sweater. However, this assumption neglects the impact of the contrast principles. If you sell the suit first, when the man browses the sweaters, their prices will not appear as high in comparison. A man might balk at the idea of spending $95 for a sweater, but if he has just bought a $495 suit, a $95 sweater does not seem excessive.

The Six Principles of Persuasion

The 1st Weapon of Persuasion: Reciprocity

People feel obliged to give back to others in the form of a behavior, gift, or service they have received first. If a friend invites you to their party, there’s an obligation for you to invite them to a future party you are hosting. If a colleague does you a favor, then you owe that colleague a favor. Hence, in the context of a social obligation, people are more likely to say yes to those who they owe.

The Sample Tactic

The sample tactic is an effective tool that takes advantage of the weapon that is reciprocity. Amway Corporation is a rapid-growth company that manufactures and distributes household and personal-care products in a vast national network of door-to-door neighborhood sales. The company has grown from a basement-run operation a few years ago to a business with yearly sales in the billions of dollars. They make use of the free sample in a device called the BUG.

The BUG consists of a collection of Amway products—bottles of furniture polish, detergent, or shampoo, spray containers of deodorizers, insect killers, or window cleaners. These items are carried to the customer’s home in a specially designed tray or simply a polyethylene bag. The confidential Amway Career Manual then instructs the salesperson to leave the BUG with the customer “for 24, 48, or 72 hours, at no cost or obligation to her. Just tell her you would like her to try the products… That’s an offer no one can refuse.”

At the end of the trial period, the Amway representative returns and picks up orders for those of the products the customer wishes to purchase. Since few customers use up the entire contents of even one of the product containers in such a short time, the salesperson may then take the remaining product portions in the BUG to the next potential customer down the line or across the street and start the process again. Many Amway representatives have several BUGs circulating in their districts at one time. The customer who has accepted and used the BUG products has been trapped into facing the influence of the reciprocity rule. Many customers feel obligated to order those of the salesperson’s products that they have partially consumed.

The 2nd Weapon of Persuasion: Scarcity

Simply put, people want more of what they struggle to acquire. People seem more motivated by the thought of losing something than by the thought of gaining something of equal value.

Consider when British Airways announced in 2003 that they would no longer be operating their twice-daily London—New York Concorde flight because it had become uneconomical to operate. With only one flight available, sales for this flight took off. Notice that nothing had changed about the Concorde itself. The plane didn’t fly any faster, the service didn’t suddenly get better, and the airfare didn’t drop. Instead, this flight route had simply become a scarce resource. Consequently, people wanted it more.

Similarly, pamphlets urging young women to check for breast cancer through self-examinations are significantly more successful if they state their case in terms of what stands to be lost rather than gained. For example, talking about the potential of losing a breast if you do not self-examine is one of the most convincing approaches.

The realization that we value limited information allows us to apply the scarcity principle to realms beyond material commodities. The principle also works for messages, communications, and knowledge. Taking this perspective, we can see that information does not have to be censored for us to value it more; it need only be scarce. According to the scarcity principle, then, we will find a piece of information more persuasive if we think we can’t get it elsewhere.

The 3rd Weapon of Persuasion: Authority

The authority weapon is based on the idea that people follow the lead of credible, knowledgeable experts.

For example, physiotherapists can persuade more of their patients to comply with recommended exercise programs if they display their medical diplomas on the walls of their consulting rooms. Similarly, people are more likely to give change for a parking meter to a complete stranger if that requester wears a uniform rather than casual clothes.

On the worrying side, con artists drape themselves with the titles, clothes, and trappings of authority. In doing so, they are equipped to persuade you. Each of these symbols of authority has its own story and is worth a separate examination.

Titles

The authors describe titles as a paradox. Although they are difficult to legitimately acquire, they are the easiest symbol of authority to fake. It is possible for somebody who has put in no effort to adopt a label and receive automatic deference. TV-commercial actors and con artists benefit from this facade all the time.

Clothes

The second kind of authority symbol that can trigger automatic compliance is clothing. Though more tangible than a title, the cloak of authority is every bit as fakable. In chameleon style, con artists can adopt the hospital white, priestly black, army green, or police blue that the situation requires. 

Trappings

Aside from its function in uniforms, clothing can symbolize a more generalized type of authority when it serves an ornamental purpose. Finely styled and expensive clothes carry an aura of status and position. The same effect can also be harnessed through expensive jewelry and cars. In the United States, “the American love affair with the automobile” gives it particular significance.

The 4th Weapon of Persuasion: Consistency

“Often we don’t realize that our attitude toward something has been influenced by the number of times we have been exposed to it in the past.”

- روبرت سيالديني

We like to be consistent with the things we have previously said or done. Like the other weapons of influence, this weapon lies deep within us. Our urge for consistency directs our actions with quiet power. It is, quite simply, our nearly obsessive desire to be (and to appear) consistent with what we have already done.

Once we have made a choice or taken a stand, we will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment. Those pressures will cause us to respond in ways that justify our earlier decision. Consistency is activated by searching for, and asking for, minor initial commitments that can be made. In a famous set of studies, researchers found that very few people are willing to erect an unsightly wooden board on their front lawn to support a Drive Safely campaign. However, in a similar neighborhood close by, four times as many homeowners indicated they would be willing to erect this unsightly billboard. The only difference is that ten days previously, they had agreed to place a small postcard in the front window of their homes. This postcard signaled their support for a Drive Safely campaign. That small card was the initial commitment that led to a 400% increase in a much bigger but still consistent change.

How Big Toy Companies Increase their January-February Sales

Toy companies start their pursuit of new year sales before Christmas. At this stage, they produce and release attractive TV ads for certain special toys. The kids, naturally, want what they see. Children then obtain a promise from their parents that they will get this toy for Christmas. However, little do the parents know that the companies deliberately undersupply the stores with the advertised toys. Most parents find those objects sold out and are forced to substitute other toys of equal value. Of course, the toy manufacturers make a point of supplying the stores with plenty of these substitutes. Then, after Christmas, the companies start rerunning the ads for the undersupplied toy. These adverts encourage the kids to want those toys more than ever. Children will then remind their parents that they promised. To remain consistent, parents will often go and buy this toy too.

Cold Callers Use Your Well-Being Against You

Callers asking you to contribute to a cause begin proceedings by inquiring about your current health and well-being. The caller’s intent with this introduction is not simply a way of seeming friendly. Instead, they are waiting for you to explain that you are fine. Any relatively positive response will lead to the caller’s next line of attack. Once you have publicly stated that all is well, it becomes much easier for the caller to corner you into aiding those for whom all is not well. The theory behind this tactic is that people who have just asserted they are doing/feeling fine will consequently find it awkward responding without considering their favored circumstances.

The 5th Weapon of Persuasion: Liking

يفضل الناس أن يقولوا نعم لأولئك الذين يحبونهم. يخبرنا علم الإقناع أن هناك ثلاثة عوامل مهمة تؤثر على مدى إعجاب شخص ما. نحن نحب الأشخاص الذين يشبهوننا، ونحب الأشخاص الذين يثنون علينا، ونحب الأشخاص الذين يتعاونون معنا لتحقيق أهداف مشتركة.

Physical Attractiveness

من المسلم به عمومًا أن الأشخاص ذوي المظهر الجيد يتمتعون بميزة في التفاعلات الاجتماعية. ومع ذلك، تشير النتائج الأخيرة إلى أننا ربما قللنا من حجم هذه الميزة ومدى انتشارها. أظهرت الأبحاث أننا نقوم تلقائيًا بتعيين سمات مفضلة للأفراد ذوي المظهر الجيد، مثل الموهبة واللطف والصدق والذكاء. علاوة على ذلك، فإننا نصدر هذه الأحكام دون أن ندرك أن الجاذبية الجسدية تلعب دورًا في هذه العملية.

لقد أثبتت التجارب أن الأشخاص الجذابين هم أكثر عرضة للحصول على المساعدة عند الحاجة، وأكثر إقناعًا في تغيير آراء الجمهور. تحدث هذه النتيجة بغض النظر عن جنس المشاركين.

Similarity

أن تكون جذابًا يعني أنه يجب عليك أن تبدو أفضل من الشخص العادي. ومع ذلك، هناك أيضًا طرق يمكنك من خلالها استخدام سلاح الإعجاب كشخص عادي. نحن نحب الأشخاص الذين يشبهوننا. يبدو أن هذه الحقيقة صحيحة سواء كان التشابه في الآراء أو سمات الشخصية أو الخلفية أو نمط الحياة. وبالتالي، فإن أولئك الذين يرغبون في أن يكونوا محبوبين لزيادة الامتثال يجب أن يظهروا مثل الشخص المختار بعدة طرق متنوعة.

يعد ارتداء الملابس بطريقة مماثلة للشخص المستهدف مثالًا جيدًا. هناك طريقة أخرى يمكن لمقدمي الطلبات من خلالها استغلال التشابه لزيادة الإعجاب والامتثال وهي الادعاء بأن لديهم خلفيات واهتمامات متشابهة.

Compliments

نحن مصاصون هائلون للإطراء. على الرغم من أن هناك حدود لسذاجتنا - خاصة عندما نكون على يقين من أن الشخص الذي يتملقنا يحاول التلاعب بنا - إلا أننا نميل، كقاعدة عامة، إلى تصديق الثناء وحب أولئك الذين يقدمونه، غالبًا عندما يكون كاذبًا بشكل واضح.

The 5th Weapon of Persuasion: Power of Associations

"هناك ميل طبيعي لدى الإنسان إلى كراهية الشخص الذي يقدم لنا معلومات غير سارة، حتى لو لم يكن هذا الشخص هو سبب الأخبار السيئة. إن الارتباط البسيط به يكفي لتحفيز كرهنا.

- روبرت سيالديني

يستخدم متخصصو الامتثال الجمعيات للتأثير على سلوك الشراء في المجتمع. ولهذا السبب يتم اختيار النماذج دائمًا تقريبًا لإعلانات المنتجات. يأمل المعلن أن يضفي النموذج سماته الإيجابية - الجمال والجاذبية - للمنتج. يراهن المعلن على أننا سنستجيب للمنتج بنفس الطريقة التي نستجيب بها للنماذج الجذابة المرتبطة به.

يعد ربط المشاهير بالمنتجات طريقة أخرى للاستفادة من مبدأ الارتباط. يُدفع للرياضيين المحترفين مقابل ربط أنفسهم بأشياء قد تكون ذات صلة مباشرة بأدوارهم (الأحذية الرياضية) أو غير ذات صلة على الإطلاق (المشروبات الغازية). الشيء المهم بالنسبة للمعلن هو إنشاء اتصال. لا يجب أن يكون الارتباط منطقيًا، بل يجب أن يكون إيجابيًا فقط.

The 6th Weapon of Persuasion: Consensus

عندما يكون الناس غير متأكدين، فسوف ينظرون إلى تصرفات وسلوكيات الآخرين لتحديد تصرفاتهم وسلوكياتهم. غالبًا ما يقوم السقاة "بتمليح" الجرار الخاصة بهم ببضعة أوراق نقدية بالدولار في بداية المساء لإعطاء الانطباع بأن البقشيش هو سلوك شائع. غالبًا ما يتبنى مرشدو الكنيسة نهجًا مماثلاً، في حين أن الإنجيليين غالبًا ما يزرعون في جمهورهم "المصلين"، الذين يقدمون الشهادة والتبرعات.

يحب المعلنون إبلاغنا عندما يكون المنتج "الأسرع نموًا" أو "الأكثر مبيعًا" لأنه لا يتعين عليهم إقناعنا بشكل مباشر بأن المنتج جيد. وبدلا من ذلك، لا يحتاجون إلا إلى القول إن كثيرين آخرين يعتقدون ذلك. وهذا غالبا ما يكون دليلا كافيا للمستهلكين. يخصص منتجو البرامج التليفزيونية الخيرية قدرًا هائلاً من الوقت للقائمة المستمرة للمشاهدين الذين تعهدوا بالفعل بالمساهمة. الرسالة التي يتم إيصالها هي أن العطاء هو الشيء الصحيح الذي ينبغي عمله. 

وبما أن 95% من الناس مقلدون و5% فقط مبادرون، فإن الناس يقتنعون بأفعال الآخرين أكثر من أي دليل يمكننا تقديمه. ولذلك، عندما يكون الوضع غير مؤكد، يمكننا أن نفترض أن الناس سوف يقبلون تصرفات الأغلبية على أنها صحيحة. ومع ذلك، في عملية فحص ردود أفعال الآخرين لحل حالة عدم اليقين لدينا، فمن المرجح أن نتجاهل حقيقة دقيقة ولكنها مهمة. ربما يقوم هؤلاء الأشخاص بفحص الأدلة الاجتماعية أيضًا. وخاصة في المواقف الغامضة، فإن ميل الجميع إلى التطلع لرؤية ما يفعله الآخرون يمكن أن يؤدي إلى ظاهرة رائعة تسمى "الجهل التعددي". الجهل التعددي هو حالة يقرر فيها كل شخص أنه لا يوجد شيء خاطئ لأنه لا أحد يشعر بالقلق. وفي الوقت نفسه، قد يكون الخطر متزايدا. والحقيقة هي أن فردًا واحدًا، غير متأثر بالهدوء الظاهري للآخرين، سوف يقوم بالرد.

التقييم

ما هو تقييمك للتأثير بناءً على ملخصنا؟

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قم بالتعليق أدناه وأخبر الآخرين بما تعلمته أو إذا كان لديك أي أفكار أخرى.

هل أنت جديد على ستوري شوتس؟ احصل على النسخ الصوتية والمتحركة من هذا الملخص ومئات الكتب الأخرى الأكثر مبيعاً من الكتب غير الخيالية في تطبيق مجاني من أفضل التطبيقات المجانية وقد اختارته كل من Apple وThe Guardian وThe UN وGoogle كأحد أفضل تطبيقات القراءة والتعلم في العالم.

كان هذا غيض من فيض. للغوص في التفاصيل، اطلب كتاب أو احصل على الكتاب الصوتي مجاناً.

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• الحفظ